Understanding 80% Lowers: A Comprehensive Guide
In the world of firearms and gun enthusiasts, the term “80% lowers” is often a subject of great interest, discussion, and sometimes even controversy. But what exactly does it mean? Why are they so popular, and what are the legal considerations involved in building firearms from these components? In this article, we will explore these questions and more, providing a detailed understanding of what 80% lowers are, how they are used, and why they have become a significant part of the firearms community.
What is an 80% Lower?
The term “80% lower” refers to a partially completed firearm receiver, typically made from aluminum or polymer, that requires additional work to become a fully functional lower receiver. A lower receiver is the part of a firearm that houses the trigger group and is typically considered the “firearm” part under U.S. law. According to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF), the lower receiver is the serialized part of a firearm, and it is the only part regulated by federal law.
An 80% lower is essentially a blank receiver that has been pre-machined to a certain extent, but still requires finishing operations to make it fully functional. The remaining 20% of the work usually involves milling or drilling specific areas to complete the part. The key reason these are referred to as 80% lowers is that only 80% of the work has been done in the manufacturing process. The other 20% remains for the purchaser to complete.
Why Choose an 80% Lower?
There are several reasons why gun enthusiasts and hobbyists choose to build their firearms using 80% lowers. Let’s explore some of the main reasons why this process has become so popular:
1. Customization
One of the most appealing aspects of 80% lowers is the ability to fully customize your firearm. Unlike purchasing a pre-assembled, factory-built firearm, using an 80% lower allows you to make modifications to suit your exact preferences. Whether it’s customizing the trigger group, adding specific attachments, or simply choosing the aesthetic design of the lower receiver, the options are endless when building your own firearm from an 80% lower.
2. Cost Savings
Building a firearm from an 80% lower can often be a more cost-effective route compared to buying a fully assembled firearm. While the price of an 80% lower receiver itself may vary, it is often significantly cheaper than purchasing a complete, factory-assembled gun. Additionally, many people find that the cost of completing the firearm using tools and parts they already own is still cheaper than buying a fully assembled model.
3. Building a Personalized Firearm
For those interested in learning more about firearms and gunsmithing, building a firearm from an 80% lower is a great way to gain hands-on experience. The process allows you to understand the inner workings of a firearm, giving you a sense of accomplishment and a deeper appreciation for the craftsmanship that goes into designing and assembling firearms.
4. Legal Considerations
In many states, the process of building a firearm from an 80% lower is perfectly legal, as long as it is not intended for resale. As long as the builder does not have the intent to distribute or sell the weapon, they can generally complete the firearm without the need for a federal firearm license (FFL). This provides an avenue for gun owners to legally possess a firearm without the same regulatory oversight as buying a completed weapon from a licensed dealer.
Legal Considerations for 80% Lowers
Before diving into the process of purchasing or building a firearm from an 80% lower, it is critical to understand the legal landscape surrounding them. While 80% lowers are legal under federal law, there are specific rules and regulations that gun owners must adhere to. These rules can vary depending on your state or local jurisdiction.
Federal Law
Under federal law, 80% lowers are not classified as firearms. Since the receiver is only 80% completed, it does not have the necessary components to fire a round or function as a firearm. This is why they are not subject to the same regulations as fully completed firearms. However, it is important to note that completing an 80% lower and turning it into a fully operational firearm is subject to specific legal requirements.
For example, the firearm must be for personal use only. If the intent is to sell or distribute the completed firearm, the builder must be licensed with the ATF as a firearms manufacturer. Additionally, the finished firearm must comply with any other applicable federal laws, including restrictions on barrel lengths or the type of firearm being assembled.
State and Local Regulations
While federal law allows the construction of a firearm from an 80% lower, some states have additional restrictions that gun owners need to be aware of. For example, California, New York, and New Jersey have stricter regulations regarding the purchase and manufacturing of firearms, including the use of 80% lowers. In some cases, state laws require the registration of the finished firearm or may prohibit the possession of certain types of firearms made from 80% lowers.
Additionally, certain cities or counties may have ordinances that further restrict the use or assembly of 80% lowers. Therefore, it is essential to research the specific laws in your area before proceeding with the purchase or assembly of an 80% lower.
Serialization and Marking
Another important consideration when building a firearm from an 80% lower is whether or not the finished firearm needs to be serialized or marked in any way. Federal law requires that firearms manufactured for sale be serialized, but if you are building a firearm for personal use, the firearm may not require a serial number. However, some states require that individuals who build their own firearms apply a serial number to the completed firearm, even if it is for personal use.
It is important to check your state’s laws regarding serialization before completing the firearm. If you do need to serialize the firearm, there are specific guidelines for doing so, which may involve obtaining a unique serial number from the ATF or applying one yourself using a designated marking system.
The Process of Completing an 80% Lower
The process of completing an 80% lower involves several key steps. While it is possible to do this at home with the right tools, it is essential to ensure that you are familiar with the proper procedures and safety protocols.
Step 1: Obtain the Necessary Tools
To complete an 80% lower, you will need specific tools. The most important of these tools is a milling machine or a drill press. These tools allow you to complete the remaining 20% of the work, such as drilling the necessary holes for pins and the trigger assembly. A jig kit is also essential, as it guides the milling process and ensures precision during machining. Other tools may include files, sandpaper, and a vice to hold the lower in place during the process.
Step 2: Preparing the 80% Lower
Once you have all the necessary tools, the next step is to prepare the 80% lower for machining. This involves inspecting the lower receiver for any defects, making sure it is free of burrs or other imperfections, and ensuring that it is securely clamped into the jig. Proper alignment is crucial to ensure that all drilling and milling operations are carried out accurately.
Step 3: Machining the Receiver
The actual machining process involves drilling several holes and milling specific areas to create the necessary features for the completed firearm. These include the trigger pocket, pin holes, and the rear takedown pin hole. The jig kit will provide templates to guide you through the process and ensure proper alignment.
It is essential to take your time during this step and follow the instructions carefully. Rushing can result in mistakes or even damage to the receiver. If you are unfamiliar with the machining process, it may be a good idea to practice on scrap material first.
Step 4: Assembly
Once the machining is complete, the 80% lower is now considered a fully functional lower receiver. At this point, you can begin assembling the remaining components, such as the trigger group, magazine release, and pistol grip. The final step involves installing the upper receiver, barrel, and other parts to complete the firearm.
Conclusion
Building a firearm from an 80% lower can be a highly rewarding and educational process. Not only does it allow you to create a personalized firearm, but it also offers cost savings and the opportunity to gain hands-on experience with firearms assembly. However, it is important to understand the legal considerations and the machining process involved before beginning the project.
Whether you’re a seasoned gunsmith or a beginner looking to build your first firearm, 80% lowers offer a unique and customizable way to construct a firearm. Always ensure that you are in compliance with both federal and state laws and follow all safety guidelines while handling and completing your firearm. With the right knowledge, tools, and respect for the law, building a firearm from an 80% lower can be an exciting and rewarding project.